Should the US Taxpayer Bail Out the US Automobile Industry Term Paper

Should the US Taxpayer Bail Out the US Automobile Industry - Term Paper Example Other than there exist flawed methodologies and components inside the structure of the greater part of the top US automakers, which whenever bolstered by a bailout, remain to endure. The truth of the matter is that the American automakers look for cash from the US citizens to hold their business as usual, somewhat then for leaving upon an aggressive program to get rid of the wasteful aspects and lacunas existing inside their arrangement (Gattuso and Loris 1). The government officials want to legitimize such crisis gauges by refering to the monstrous misfortunes brought about by the US automakers. Off kilter their exists abundant truth in such cases. In October, the deals of GM fell by 45 percent (Gattuso and Loris 1). The Chrysler and Ford likewise revealed separate plunging of deals by 34.9 and 30.2 percent (Gattuso and Loris 1). The automakers attribute this radical drop in deals to the current credit crunch. All things considered, one can not deny the truth that the US automakers took numerous terrible choices before the credit crunch that released the current emergency (Gattuso and Loris).

Argument on Mackie's analysis on existence of God Essay

Writing Your Thesis Proposal Like a Pro

Writing Your Thesis Proposal Like a Pro Satisfactorily completing a masters or PhD thesisâ€"which includes background research, original research, and writingâ€"indicates that you are qualified to join the community of scholars who advance our collective understanding of the world.Why write a thesis proposal?The purpose of writing a thesis proposal is to convince a faculty committee that you know enough to move forward with your Masters or PhD research. This transition from a masters or doctoral degree student to a masters or doctoral degree candidate amounts to a stamp of approval from the university, and comes with substantial benefits. You are authorized to conduct the proposed research, and can attach the universitys name to yourself and your research. Depending on the field and institution, this approval can come with direct financial support in the form of research or teaching fellowships.Approval of your thesis also comes with improved access to university resources, including faculty who can guide your research and career; research equipment and facilities; and specialized libraries, collections, and databases. A university affiliation also opens doors to many other resources. Do you need to interview survivors of childhood sexual abuse? Your recruitment flyers will get much better results if your name is followed with a university affiliation. Do you need tissue samples of rare brain tumors, or access to ancient Egyptian documents written on papyrus? That university affiliation will help.While a thesis proposal is specifically to fulfill academic requirements, youll likely use the same general strategy later in your career. You may write grant proposals to secure research funding from organizations like the National Endowment for the Humanities or the March of Dimes. You may write investment proposals to secure funding for the new drug your company is developing, or the new charter school you are planning with like-minded educators. In all these cases, you are describing a problem that needs to be solved or a question that needs to be answered, and explaining why you and your idea deserve their support.What is in a thesis proposal?Different programs have different guidelines for a thesis proposal, but typical requirements are as follows:Title: A one-sentence summary of your thesis proposal.Project summary: A ~250 word summary of your thesis proposal. You should introduce your system and question, outline your research methods, and state your anticipated results and conclusions.Introduction: This section provides context for your research by providing background information on the questions being addressed and explaining how your work will fill a gap in our knowledge or change the way we think about something. You should also discuss why your study is of general interest. In the final introductory paragraph, clearly and concisely state your research question and hypothesis or hypotheses.Proposed study: Here you present, in as much detail as possible, the study you propo se to conduct. Your study should be feasible with the time and resources that are available to you. It should also advance our collective understanding of the field, even if your hypothesis turns out to be wrong. Be sure to provide enough detail so that a reader with a basic understanding of your field can understand what you plan to do. Common techniques do not need to be explained, but be sure to describe the variations to the procedure that are specific to your experiment. Be sure to include appropriate controls, such as sham treatments for experimental manipulations. Consider your research methods carefullyâ€"do they really test your hypothesis or hypotheses?Anticipated Results: Consider the possible outcomes of your study, how you would interpret them, and how they would allow you to discriminate among your hypotheses. Will you be able to meet the goals you set out in your introduction? Be sure to consider how your anticipated findings would change the way we think about the to pic and how they fit in the context of the field. This is also the place where you should consider potential shortcomings or limitations of your proposed study. You may also speculate on the generality of your findings and suggest follow-up questions that might stem from your work.References: Depending on your degree program and area of research, your reference list may include as few as 10 references (for a masters program involving a small research project) to well over 100 references (for a PhD program in an area of intensive study). The goal of earning a masters or PhD degree is to demonstrate competency as a scholar who can advance our collective understanding, so you must become familiar with the literature in your field of study. Plan on spending a lot of time assembling your reference list and working to understand the research described.Tables: If appropriate.Figures: If appropriate.How do I pick a topic?Whether youre working towards a masters degree or a PhDâ€"or writing a thesis proposal as a classroom assignmentâ€"youll spend a lot of time working on your proposal. Be sure to start with a topic that is of genuine interest to you.In fields where research requires a lot of specialized equipment and resourcesâ€"your possible thesis topics will be limited to what your thesis advisor and department are willing and able to support. In those fields (i.e., many of the biological sciences), you largely choose your thesis topic when you choose your department and your advisor. Choose carefully. Graduate students in these fields may spend less time choosing a thesis topic, but may spend more time on background reading in these areas of intensive study.Students in all fields will have some limitations. For sociology research, youll be limited by the populations you have access to. In the humanities, you may be limited by the availability of primary sources. If your research requires studying ancient calligraphy scrolls housed in a Taiwanese museum, you better be sure you can get to Taiwan and gain access to those scrolls.Even with these limitations, the number of possible research topics can seem impossibly large. As you put together a list of possible topics, keep in mind that the goal of your graduate research is to contribute something new to our collective understanding. If you choose a research topic that has already been extensively studiedâ€"such as Shakespeares use of figurative language or unique characteristics of the bacterium E. coliâ€"you will have lots of previous studies to wade through and few options for novel research.Photo by Matt Ragland on UnsplashOn the other hand, if you pick a topic for which there is almost no previous workâ€"such as the romantic habits of homosexual Alaskan scuba diversâ€"you will likely have trouble convincing your thesis committee that you can gather meaningful data in a reasonable amount of time. In general, you want to pick a topic that has been covered in existing researchâ€"or that is a st raightforward extension of existing researchâ€"but that still has many important, unanswered questions.Searching the literatureWhether you were assigned a research project based on what your advisor can support, or start with a list of interesting topics, your next step is to dig into the published literature.A good place to start is to read several recent research papers on your topic of interest; most papers suggest follow-up studies in the discussion section. Alternatively, a review paper often considers what research might be pursued next. Remember that this is a research proposal, not a literature review. For your selected topic, you need to develop a testable hypothesisâ€"that you have the resources to test. This is where talking to your advisor, senior graduate students, and other people in your field is essential. They can offer insight on what is really feasible.As you read these primary research papers, notice that the format closely parallels the format of a thesis propos al. If the title doesnt catch your eye, you are less motivated to read the project summary (or abstract). If the abstract doesnt sound interesting, you are less enthusiastic about reading the introduction. If the introduction doesnt clearly and convincingly describe why the research is needed, you are unlikely to care about the results. Aim to write a clear and convincing thesis proposal.Final commentsIt often helps to start with an outline. Be sure to include citations and a reference list in your outline and early drafts. It is imperative to correctly cite the previous work that has led to your thesis proposal, and many hours have been lost trying to track down lost citations.Be sure to follow your graduate programs guidelines for the thesis proposal. There are often specific requirements for the font, margins, word count, tables, figures, number of references, and how citations should be formatted.Be objective in your language: test hypotheses, do not try to prove them. Discuss y our thesis proposal with your advisor, your classmates, and anyone who is willing to listen to you. Talking about your ideas often helps to clarify them, and others might catch errors that you may have overlooked. This is a major benefit of being part of a community of scholars.

Conflict of Convictions - 1695 Words

â€Å"Conflict of Convictions† E. Marshall October 16, 2012 English Composition 1102 Table of Contents Section 1: Introduction page 3 Section 2: Historical Context page 4 Section 3: Common Theme in other literature page 5 Section 4: Analysis page 7 Section 5: Conclusion page 9 Section 6: Works Cited page page 10 Introduction The literary piece â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell, highlights the apprehensions of a colonial officers obligation to shoot a rogue elephant. The author does not want to shoot the elephant, but feels pressured by a crowd of indigenous residents, before whom he does not wish to appear indecisive or cowardly. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, by George†¦show more content†¦He was an Indian, a black Dravidian coolie, almost naked, and he could not have been dead many minutes† (6). Orwell is describing his overwhelming experience as a colonial police officer in Burma during the 1920’s. The School Days of an Indian Girl, the nonfiction element of characterization is depicted as Zitkala-Sa starts out in the essay by describing â€Å"We had anticipated much pleasure from a ride on the iron horse, but the throngs of staring palefaces disturbed and troubled us† (103). Zitkala-Sa states â€Å"Directly in front of me, children who were no larg er than I hung themselves upon the backs of their seats, with their bold white faces toward me† (103). Later in the essay Zitkala-Sa acknowledges â€Å"At the top was a quiet hall, dimly lighted. Many narrow beds were in one straight line down the entire length of the wall. In them lay sleeping brown faces, which peeped just out of the coverings†. Zitkala-Sa is describing her overwhelming experience of being taken from her home and to be placed into a missionary school for girls. In the literary work â€Å"Colonialism† by the author, Frederick Cooper, discusses different types of economic projects colonizers had attempted to impose on their colonies. The author continues discussing how Great Britain and France had plans to make exploitation of colonial resources more systematic, therefore overwhelming their colonies with the effort of having more control over themShow MoreRelatedAdvocating Intellectual Dualism Of Respect For One s Conviction1687 Words   |  7 Pages Advocating Intellectual Dualism of Respect for One’s Conviction As individuals we have a desire to believe in what we may. A person has the right as a human to believe in what he or she may desire. Even though there is an international obligation by law for people to respect one’s right to conviction in whatever he or she may desire, different radical and or rebellious individuals defy that obligation and practice proselytism. Everyone in the world, no matter what race, age, gender, etc. shouldRead MorePre Colonial Maori Society On Kinship Groups1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fact that European justice reflects European â€Å"philosophies and conflict resolution practices†¦making it culturally inappropriate†. (Tauri) Within a system that ignores Maori cultural norms and practices, Jackson (1988) argues that Maori offenders be removed from the current system and â€Å"a parallel or separate Maori justice process implemented†. (Tauri) This system would be based on and reflect â€Å"Maori justice philosophies and conflict resolution practices.† (Tauri) Developing consensus has pointedRead MoreArthur Miller s Real Life Events Behind Lies, Betrayal, And Conflict853 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Miller’s real life events behind lies, betrayal, and conflict. Arthur Miller was an American novelist who has wrote many plays, such as The Crucible. The Crucible 1953, recreates the Salem Witch Trials, focusing on paranoid hysteria as well as the individuals struggling to remain true to ideals and convictions (Cliff Notes). Prior to writing the play, Arthur Miller experienced scenarios in his life that persuaded him to write the drama noted in the Salem Witch Trials. For example, he was targetedRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War653 Words   |  3 Pageshe had founded. This kind of religious conflict was also amply demonstrated during the Thirty Years War of the 1600s. Catholics and Protestants in Europe were locked in a long and devastating conflict that arose out of a desire of the warring religious and political leaders to force each other to accept their own interpretation of what Christianity should be. 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The prisoners in question wished to communicate with media representatives to allow them to challenge their convictions. This, it must be highlighted, is quite often their only means of challenging their conviction which undoubtedly is crucial in the pursuit of justice. The journalists in question were allowedRead MoreWhat Is Our Safeguard Against Corruption Performed By Federal Officeholders?1422 Words   |  6 PagesHouse of Representatives to remove a federal officeholder from office. â€Å"Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution says, ‘The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors’. (Longley). The power of impeachment has historical significance as onl y four times in our history has Congress had serious discussions of impeachment. Due to the requirement of a rulingRead MoreBrady Vs. Maryland Case968 Words   |  4 Pagesdefendant faced his conviction, arguing it had been contrary to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Maryland prosecuted Brady and a companion, Boblit, for murder. Brady admitted being involved in the murder, but claimed Boblit had done the actual killing. The prosecution had withheld a written statement by Boblit admitting that he had committed the act of killing by himself. The Maryland Court of Appeals had confirmed the conviction and remanded theRead MoreConflict Between Believers Essay example1193 Words   |  5 PagesConflict Between Believers Introduction There is an obvious difference of opinion between two members of the Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church as it relates to whether as Christian we should celebrate Halloween. Couple A argues that is not up to Christianity to dictate what they should and should not celebrate, and uses Romans 14:5 to support their argument. 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The Negative Impact Of The Internet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category IT Essay Level High school Tags: Is Google Making Us Stupid Essay Did you like this example? For the last decade, the internet has given us access to more information than we could have ever imagined, all at the click of a button. However, is that something to be thankful for? Nicholas Carr discussed in his article Is Google Making Us Stupid the negative impacts the internet is having on our brains cognitive functions. Although I do agree with Carrs presumption about the internet causing our brains to change the way we acquire knowledge and understand it, I disagree that it is making us stupid. After analyzing Carrs argument, the most predominant point he argues is that the use of the internet, including sites such as google, will negatively alter our brains cognition. Carrs point of view comes from someone who did not grow up with the internet, but was introduced to it later on in life which gives him the belief that books and articles are more superior to the internet. Unlike my generation, where we grew up with advance technology and from what we can tell it hasnt made us any less intelligent than other generations. Whether or not his claim about our brains is actually true, Carr does not supply any factual evidence proving his hypothesis. Though no real evidence is provided, Carr does include some corroboration from his own experiences and that from people he knows. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Negative Impact Of The Internet" essay for you Create order Not only does Carr believe that the internet is having an effect on our brains, he also points out that its changed the media and ways we communicate, especially during the last decade. As Carr points out, never has a communications system played so many roles in our lives or exerted such broad influence over our thoughts as the Internet does today (Carr 321). In todays world, we have things like cell phones and laptops, which connect to all things internet, including google! Carrs correct in this sense when he says, the human brain is almost infinitely malleable (Carr 319), because we have been able to further improve and subsume technology into our daily lives. From my point of view, Carrs strongest argument is definitely when he states the impact that internet has had on humanity. Compared to fifty years ago, today if someone needed to figure out some sort of problem they could use the internet because it, is a machine designed for the efficient and automated collection, transmission, and manipulation of information (Carr 323) and not only does this process save time, but it also eliminates the frustration of looking through hundreds of different articles and books. On the other end of the spectrum Carr makes the argument that the internet is negatively affecting the way that we think and comprehend. It goes without saying that this is Carrs weaker argument because he has no evidence to prove himself otherwise. Even Carr himself states that, anecdotes alone dont prove much. And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition (Carr 316) whic h leads readers to believe that what Carr is saying is not true. Since the author focuses mainly on the negative effects the internet has in large quantities on our brains, its safe to assume that his intended audience are the people who regularly use the internet. When addressing the issue, he uses personal experiences which allows him to connect to these regular internet users. Not only are these experiences connecting to the readers who have dealt with the same things, its also helping convince readers who disagree or dont have an opinion, sway to his side of the argument. Since it seems like he knows what he is talking about, readers will most likely agree with him. With whats being addressed throughout the article, which is our brain cognition, Carr keeps more of a serious tone. When concluding his article Carr says, as we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence (Carr 328) which emphasizes how important it is that we realize what the internet is doing to our brains. Overall the tone is just serious because he is justifying his argument by giving examples and evidence. Personally, I could not identify anywhere that the author addresses the counterargument. Carr does talk about the different effects that the internet has on us, like the effect on our brains cognition and the effect it has had on our social behavior, which is the way we communicate. The effect on social behavior could count as a counter argument because he does explain the positive that have come from the internet such as, watching videos and listening to podcasts (Carr 314), but because he does not address it any further I would not consider this the counterargument in this article. From what Carr was claiming and the evidence he gave to support his argument, I do not see this as a convincing or effective argument. None of the evidence he gave was even remotely reliable. To have made his claim more dependable, he should have used actual case studies that focus on the neurological status when using the internet in large periods of time. As Carr stated, we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how Internet use affects cognition (Carr 316), so there wasnt anything that Carr could do to reliably backup him claim. Unlike Carr suggests, I do not believe that Google is making us stupid, but it is making us lazy. This argument fits into the larger issue that we are all spending way too much time on the internet, and if it is not effecting our mental health now, it is certainly possible that it can start if we keep going at the rate we are going. The internet may have enhanced our way of life and has changed the way we acquire knowledge in a good way, but it is still good to give yourselves a break from technology.

Student Service Enterprise Inventory System Free Essays

string(51) " above conveys the concept that composes a system\." STUDENT SERVICE ENTERPRISE INVENTORY SYSTEM A Concept Paper Presented to The Faculty of the College of Computer Studies Central Philippine University Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines In partial fulfilment Of the Requirements in CS318 – Research Methods in IT By JanelynGrasparil BSIT – 4 July, 2012 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview of the Current State of Technology With the power of technology nowadays, people get interested with computers. They tried to indulge themselves on it to have a productive result in a more efficient and time saving process. It is highly valued in institutions like business enterprises, schools, hospitals, government and non government services. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Service Enterprise Inventory System or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, some of them are still using manual system. In this regard, we acknowledge the value of computerized system. CPU Student Service Enterprise is a store inside the campus where students, faculty, and staffs can buy goods, books, school supplies, P. E school uniforms, etc. Each department’s are also purchasing supplies for their offices. One of the problems of SSE is the manual Inventory System. The manual system is not accurate and time consuming. Quarterly, SSE is conducting their inventory. When the inventory date is near work students and staffs are listing all the goods or items that are available in yellow paper. The paper contains the quantity, unit, description, and unit price of an item. In the proper date of inventory, work students manually count the goods or items. After counting all the available items, work students will put the unit price of each item. Finding the prices is time consuming. It takes two to three weeks to finish pricing those items. Prices of the items are all in the journal book. But some of the old stocks items are hard to find their prices. After pricing all the items, the book keeper will encode that in Excel. After that, she will print it out and forward to the VPFE. Overview of the Desired State of Technology I would like to propose a computerized inventory system to be installed at the CPU Student Service Enterprise, a formal computerized approach to inventory storing. The system provides the user with fast, accurate data handling and retrieving. It makes adjustments for possible problems prior to their occurrence, as opposed to traditional control systems which looked at more historical demand and reacted to existing problems. Furthermore, it directly serves as the system for CPU Student Service Enterprise. This system will help keep personnel from wasting their time counting supplies and trying to manually determine which products to buy and sell. The system also includes tracking of remaining inventory, tracking when new orders should be made, tracking which items are most popular and something to help the business decide what items are most profitable and which products to remove. They could also compare the inventory available at each customer to their corresponding needs. Data on these transactions are very important in determining the availability of details on the products in needs of reviewing. Statement of the Problem These are the following problems encountered by CPU Student Service Enterprise: * The manual process consumes too much time for the work students and staff and rigid time to process a transaction. * Inaccurate daily updating, recording, and monitoring of inventory of productsthat goes in and out due to human errors in the manual system. * Time consuming retrieval due to manual search from numerous files. The availability of the product is difficult to identify due to lack of information regarding on files that are outdated. * Slow and inaccurate resulting to problems like lost of items and unable to track the prices of an item. Objectives of the Study General Objective: * This study aims to solve the problems encountered and to change the Manual Inventory System and develop a Computerized Inventory System for CPU Student Service Ente rprise. Specific Objectives: * To have an accurate inventory of stocks by providing the system an interactive GUI that capable of performing and handling accurate filling. To speed up the process of searching the data from the files. * To have a back up of data by creating a copy of database. * To ease process of monitoring the inventory of products by providing the system a normalized database system for storing all updated details on the inventory. Theoretical Framework Fast, Accurate, Reliable CPU – SSE INVENTORY SYSTEM Inefficient, Slow Processing, Unorganized, Inaccurate Systems Theory Figure 1. 0 Theoretical Framework based on Systems theory Theoretical Framework The figure above shows the elements needed in the development of SSE Inventory System. It is a system that stores data of the products or an item. Significantly, the manual processes are replaced by a computerized one which utilizes data from the book storage of inventory, with the computerized inventory system, the user can easily review and monitor the current status of the products or an item, in which the overall processes are hastened using this system. System theory Systems theory  is the  interdisciplinary  study of  systems  in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research. System theory is the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, Independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities, and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them. (http://www. utwente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Communication%20Processes/System_Theory. doc/) Inventory system Keeping an inventory (stock of goods) for future sale or use is common in business. In order to meet demand on time, companies must keep on hand a stock of goods that is awaiting sale. The purpose of inventory theory is to determine rules that management can use to minimize the costs associated with maintaining inventory and meeting customer demand. Inventory is studied in order to help companies save large amounts of money. (http://www. whitman. edu/mathematics/SeniorProjectArchive/2006/zapponj2. pdf Conceptual Framework SECURITY INVENTORY MANAGEMENT DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Figure 2. 0 Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework The figure above conveys the concept that composes a system. You read "Student Service Enterprise Inventory System" in category "Essay examples" These concepts serve as the main basis of ideas on how the researchers derived and created the system design and functionalities. DBMS A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases based on a variety of data models. It is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMS are categorized according to their data structures or types. Inventory Management Inventory management is primarily about specifying the size and placement of stocked goods. The scope of inventory management also concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods and demand forecasting. (http://www. inventorymanagement. com/2007/07/inventory-management-definition. html) This will track down the stocks of materials if it’s available or not, ready to be used and if need to be ordered. Through the database, the inventory log will be used as bases of the stocks if which product is the most demand by the customer. Through this management can decide whether in what product they should focus to meet customer’s needs and expectation. Security Method of protecting information, computer programs, and other computer system assets which is the security of computer assets and capital equipment refers to computer location, access control, software protection, and storage procedures. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. (www. answers. com/topic/computer-security) Data and information will be secured, especially with stock in and out of materials. This will avoid any unauthorized transaction. A username and password will be provided to track the person who will stock out and stock in a material. Users Entity that has authority to use an application, equipment, facility, process, or system, or one who consumes or employs a good or service to obtain a benefit or to solve a problem, and who may or may not be the actual purchaser of the item. (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/user. html) User will feel all the complexity of the system, easy to use with a user friendly interface that will let user easily understand the flow of the system Scope and limitations of the study The Computerized Inventory System is intended only for CPU Student Enterprise. This study mainly focused on providing business application using computerized system that enables business to track services and aims to provide accurate and reliable process on every transaction. This study looks into a better impact of using technology today on how it affects our daily lives especially for being a customer. With these studies it can help the beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today. An inventory system is a system used to keep track of a business products and supplies. These programs are invaluable tools for most businesses because they are able to complete tasks quickly that would take much longer if done manually. Only the administrator has the privilege to use the computerized reservation system. It also excludes maintenance and other transactions according to the system. Significance of the Study The study will be of great use to the customers and workers of CPU Student Service Enterprise. The study, through its output, can assist the SSE in accomplishing tasks in a shorter period of time. Aside from this, the proposed system has a storage system for data retrieval of previous inventories. The proposed system utilizes the best way to organize the database type of system and to improve the services of the people involve. Moreover, the computerized system will guide the management in deciding matter involving assigning process. Manager will be informed on transaction through print out reports. Thus, the VPFE can manage well its finances and more likely to have savings with the proposed system. They can also expect that computer units built within the company have basis fact with the use of the propose system. Putting up good facilities can ease or minimize stress experience by the staff and work students. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Inventory control system A process for keeping track of objects or materials. In common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components. Modern inventory control systems rely upon barcodes, and potentially RFID tags, to provide automatic identification of inventory objects. In an academic study performed at Wal-Mart, RFID reduced Out of Stocks by 30 percent for products selling between 0. 1 and 15 units a day. Inventory objects could include any kind of physical asset: merchandise, consumables, fixed assets, circulating tools, library books, or capital equipment. To record an inventory transaction, the system uses a barcode scanner or RFID reader to automatically identify the inventory object, and then collects additional information from the operators via fixed terminals (workstations), or mobile computers. Applications An inventory control system may be used to automate a sales order fulfilment process. Such a system contains a list of order to be filled, and then prompts workers to pick the necessary items, and provides them with packaging and shipping information. Inventory system also manages in and outwards material of hardware. Real-time inventory control systems use wireless, mobile terminals to record inventory transactions at the moment they occur. A wireless LAN transmits the transaction information to a central database. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Inventory_control_system Golden Inventory System Golden Inventory System is an advanced inventory software designed for wholesale and manufacture businesses. This system has several advantages, including the Return Merchandise Authorization function, hierarchical groups for products, import and export functions for QuickBooks 2010, PDF and XML files, multi- urrencies and expiration dates features. This inventory software has the flexible security function. You can define access rights for each your employee. Golden Inventory system works with MS SQL Server and MS Access database files. Now, our system calculates item costs using FIFO and Average methods. You’ll be able to create orders and invoices very fast and send them via email to your customer s. This is very flexible software with a lot of options. This inventory software can handle more than 100’000 items. You can install free MS SQL Server Express Edition on your server and Golden Inventory software on your computers and you’ll obtain a very powerful network inventory system for any size business. www. executivpro. com/ Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy that strives to improve a business’s return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just In Time production method is also called the Toyota Production System. To meet JIT objectives, the process relies on signals or Kanban, between different points in the process, which tell production when to make the next part. Kanban are usually ‘tickets’ but can be simple visual signals, such as the presence or absence of a part on a shelf. Implemented correctly, JIT can improve a manufacturing organization’s return on investment, quality, and efficiency. Quick notice that stock depletion requires personnel to order new stock is critical to the inventory reduction at the center of JIT. This saves warehouse space and costs. However, the complete mechanism for making this work is often misunderstood. (en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Just-in-time_(business) Inventory Valuation Determination of inventory cost is the major aspect of financial reporting. Whether the periodic or the perpetual system is used, it is necessary to use a specific method for the assignment of costs to the ending inventory as well as to the cost of goods sold. Assignment of costs can be complex because goods are usually purchased at different costs during the accounting period. Thus, there must be a consistent procedure in assigning costs which is called the cost-flow assumption (Eisen, 2007). There are three cost-flow assumptions that can be used: First-In, First-Out (FIFO) Method. This is based on the assumption that the first units brought are the first units sold. The oldest cost assigned to the inventory is the cost assigned to the goods first sold. Consequently, the most recent cost is assigned to the ending inventory. Although business organizations are free to choose among a number of inventory methods, many adopt FIFO simply because there is a tendency to dispose of goods in the order of their acquisition (Eisen, 2007). This method, though not as accurate as specifically identifying the item being sold, would give a close approximation of value. Last-In, Last-Out (LIFO) Method. This method assumes that the most recent cost of goods acquired should be charged at the most recent sales made. Thus, the assignment of the cost to the ending inventory represents the cost of all earlier purchases, without regard to the order in which the goods are actually sold, since it is assumed that the goods are all the same and readily interchangeable(Eisen, 2007). Weighted Average Cost Method. This method yields a cost that is representative of the cost of the product over the entire accounting period. The weighted verage cost of a unit of inventory is determined and all units are assigned this cost. The average cost is weighted by the number of units purchased at each cost (Carroll, 2006 Eisen further notes that in accounting periods where costs remain relatively constant, the FIFO method is probably the most appropriate. If it is important that replacement costsrelate as closely as possible to the cost of the goods sold, the LIFO method is better. The weighted average method is a third option, even though it does not necessarily bring about the matching of costs and revenue. Its simplicity may have a ost-saving effect. Summary Every business big or small, is in need of inventory system for keeping tracks of records and specifically storing essential data in which could be reviewed and monitored by the manager. There are many ways and approaches to the inventory strategy. Inventory system is the heart of the business. The main advantage of the system that I will be going to develop is it will provide a computer generated output of the inventory a whole lot faster and accurate. Chapter III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Figure 3. 0 Modified Iterative Waterfall Model ( www. nfolab. stanford. edu) In the development of the system, the researchers followed the phases of a Waterfall Method with the combination of an Iterative Model. The model is illustrated in figure 3. System Analysis The first phase that the researchers underta ke is the system analysis which includes initial investigation and data gathering to prove the viability of the system. An interview (which is an interactive tool) with the management and employees of the organization was also conducted and at the same time the group observed how their transactions work. It is also in this phase where the group observed and interacted with the users to further understand what information users need to perform their jobs. It is in this phase wherein other forms of interactive tools were used such as observation of the users involved and the organization’s environment. Requirement Definition In the requirement definition phase includes the definition of problems, objectives and estimation of scopes and limitations after the gathered data was summarized. During this phase wherein the researchers identified the information requirements for particular users involved. As an output the group had a deeper understanding of how the business function and have the complete information of the people, goals, data, and procedures involved. Interactive tools are used to accomplish tasks in this phase, observation and interviewing the people involved. System Design System analysis leads to design decision, which exactly determines how the system operates in terms of process, data, hardware, network infrastructures, user Interface and other important factors in the system environment. System Development In this stage where the coding phases will start. Application software will be used in the development of the system. It is in this phase includes the programming of the system such as coding and program testing and to add more to that this phase also comprises the development or implementation of the system design. Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 is used as the development tool for the front end and MySQL Server 5. 0 as the back end. Photoshop and Corel Draw serve as an enhancement tool for the GUI and with the Corel Draw it. In this phase a constant interaction with the users is done to gather comments/feedbacks, validation and suggestions of the system design and layouts. Testing and Maintenance The testing and maintenance stage includes the preliminary implementation of the system together with the users and programmers using sample data or accurate data of the current system. A series of test is undergone to pinpoint neglected or unseen problems of the system before it will be handed down to the organization for operational implementation. The system documentation begins in this phase. The system manual or documentation includes all the necessary information that will guide the users about the systems functionality. System Implementation This is probably the most resource, cost and time-consuming phase of all. This is when the system is actually built, tested, and finally installed. It also includes activities such as user training and system maintenance. Some experts like to separate them into different phases Deploymentand Maintenance. However the four phases are the most commonly known and accepted steps. Gantt Chart PHASE| Activities| Mar| Apr| May| Jun| July| ExpectedOutput| Planning| Understanding why the system should be built| | | | | | Give the best solution and easy access to the system| Requirements| Adjustment and changes from the users to the system being developed| | | | | | Well Developed System| Design| Architecture design of the System| | | | | | Should be user friendly| Implementation| The system is actually built| | | | | | Ensured and well runned system| Test| The System Is Being Tested| | | | | | Completely functioning | Maintenance| Undergo Some Changes| | | | | | System Run Successfully| References Internet Sources (http://www. twente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Communication%20Processes/System_Theory. doc/ (http://www. whitman. edu/mathematics/SeniorProjectArchive/2006/zapponj2. pdf (http://www. inventorymanagement. com/2007/07/inventory-management-definition. html (http://www. answers. com/topic/computer-security) (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definiti on/user. html) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Inventory_control_system http://www. executivpro. com/ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Just-in-time_(business) ( www. infolab. stanford. edu What Is an Inventory System? | eHow. com  http://www. ehow. com/facts_5518826_inventory-system. tml#ixzz21dQmNn9Z What Is an Inventory System? | eHow. com  http://www. ehow. com/facts_5518826_inventory-system. html#ixzz21dR2Cuo 8 http://www. studymode. com/essays/Inventory-System-634220. html? topic http://sample-thesis. blogspot. com/2009/09/enhancement-of-pharmact-inventory. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Systems_theory Context Diagram of the Current System Staff/Work Student Book Keeper Manual Inventory System Record Record Counts items Item info Printed Inventory record VPFE Data Flow Diagram Level 0 of the Current System Staff/Work Student Record Counts Item 2. 0 Counting and Classifying Of Items 1. 0 Record Item Info Record Item Info 3. 0 Determines Price List VPFE D1 Item_Journal Printed Record Recorded Item Info 5. 0 Print Inventory Record 4. 0 Encode Items in Excel Book Keeper Record Item List Recorded In Excel Item Info Context Diagram of the Proposed System D1Item_DBMS Item Info SSE Computerized Inventory System Book Keeper Staff/Work Student Username Inventory Password Records Printed Inventory Records VPFE Data Flow Diagram Level 0 of the Proposed System 1. 0 Encode Item Info 2. 0 Calculate all Item Prices Staff/Work Student Username Item List Password Item Info Calculated Price List Price List D1 Item_DBMS Book Keeper Inventory 4. 0 Print Inventory Records 3. 0 Check Inventory Records VPFE Printed Check Inventory Inventory RecordsRecords How to cite Student Service Enterprise Inventory System, Essay examples

Project Loon and Google Fiber

Questions: 1. Should Google continue with projects like Project Loon and Google Fiber? If so, is its innovation model sufficient to foster innovation or should it change its approach to innovation? What steps should Google take to increase the confidence of analysts and investors in its innovation strategies? 2. As Google grows even bigger, what should it do to keep its entrepreneurial spirit alive in the company? Answers: 1. Google is a multinational technology company in America and provides products and services that are related to the internet. Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google on 4th September 1998. From its very beginning, the company focused on providing its customers the best user experience (Steiber et al, 2013). By August 2013 the company became more famous because of its superiority in the field of internet search and started to overtake most of its rivals regarding innovation. The company also started investing a huge amount in Research and Development and started working on their different other projects. Two such ambitious projects that were undertaken by Google were Project Loon and Google Fiber (Steiber et al, 2013). The primary aim of both the project was to improvise the accessibility to individuals across the globe. Project Loon was very ambitious because it seeks at providing internet accessibility to individuals living in the remote area, across the world. Whereas Google Fibers main aim was to provide high-speed internet service to the individual around the globe. The project promised to provide 100 times faster internet services than the existing broadband services ("CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION AT GOOGLE, INC", 2016). In my opinion, Google should continue with such projects because, with the rapid development of technology and increasing competition, innovation has become a crucial concern for the organization, because innovation helps the company to attract new customers and retains their existing customers. The former CEO of the company, Eric Schmidt in 2005 introduced a model for management of the business resource, which is known as 70/20/10' innovation model. Under this particular model, the staffs of Google devoted seventy percent of the total working hours to tasks that are related to the core business, of which twenty percent of the projects were related to core business and ten percent was not related to the core business ("CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION AT GOOGLE, INC", 2016). Again in 2010, the company started a new HR policy, which was known as Innovation Time Off. Under this new policy, the employees were given freedom to devote twenty percent of their weekly working period to concentrate on any work related to the company they prefer and it would not be related to their regular work ("CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION AT GOOGLE, INC", 2016). In my opinion, the innovation model was not sufficient, because, in August 2013, Google discontinued the Innovation Time Off' policy because the employees were facing difficulties in finishing their regular task. Google can enhance the confidence of investors and analysts in their innovation strategies by (Washburn et al, 2013): Encouraging all the board members to get involved in the activities related to investor relations. The board members included the chairperson, managing director, chief executive, and CFO. Providing a clear explanation of the dynamics of the market of Google to its investors, which may include information regarding, how the company earns its income. Meeting the performance target of the company. Attracting the coverage of more analysts Providing a regular flow of information Targeting the investors who are more important for the company Organizing road show Building social media into the programs related to the investor relations. 2. In the recent years Google has witnessed a successive growth, and it is growing, so it is important for the company to keep the entrepreneurial spirit alive in the organization, which can be achieved by (Kanhaiya, 2013): Shifting culture: The culture of the workplace critically impacts the growth of the company; the culture of the workplace should always encourage innovation. And many of the managers are unable to achieve this because they concentrate extensively on completing the task. The managers should learn to share the ownership of the organization with the workers because it makes them feel empowered and enables them to give innovative ideas (Amir et al 2015). Recognition and rewarding system: The culture of the company should provide its high-rolling employees with rewards and recognition, which will motivate them and will make them more efficient. All-round work programs: Different studies have highlighted that the productivity of the employees increases when they are allowed to work according to their way and during the time they want. It is important for the company to achieve this to some extent without crossing the boundary and also by maintaining the policy of the company. Internal communication: Messages and information can get adulterated, so it is important for the manager to talk directly with the employees. This will help in boosting the confidence of the employees enabling them to give innovative ideas and making them more efficient for the organization (Robbins et al, 2013). Setting an example: It is important for the higher authority to motivate its employees with the help of examples. The managers of the firm should always be excited with the new goals and endeavors, which help in creating a positive impact on the employees (Amir et al 2015). The above discussion clearly highlights what Google should do to keep the spirit of entrepreneurship in their organization. References Amir, M. T. (2015). Entrepreneurial Behavior and Innovative Behavior: A Conceptual Clarification. The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol, 8(2), 161-172. CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION AT GOOGLE, INC. (2016). thecasecentre.org. Retrieved 3 June 2016, from https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/products/view?id=120454 Kanhaiya, D. K. (2013). Creating Entrepreneurial Culture in a Large Organization. Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and International Business, 1(2), 2. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013). Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Steiber, A., Alnge, S. (2013). A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc. European Journal of Innovation Management, 16(2), 243-264. Washburn, M., Bromiley, P. (2014). Managers and analysts: An examination of mutual influence. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3), 849-868.

Its Time to Show Off Your Skills and Earn That Internship

You’ve all seen this meme before. Unfortunately, it’s only funny because it’s too true, and students cough up a laugh while hurting inside. The truth is, even with applicable skills and a good college education, landing an internship or a full-time job is not an easy task. So, what can students do?We spoke to Sqore, a recruitment platform that connects students to employers based on skill-based competitions, about the challenges students face searching for relevant internships and jobs - and even scholarships. â€Å"We know that students have studied and worked hard all their lives, and that’s why we want to help them showcase their knowledge to their world,† said Maria Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck, Sqore’s COO, â€Å"At Sqore, we want to reward students based on their skills.† Sqore’s foundation is to offer equal access to opportunities for everyone based on knowledge and skill. Sqore runs at least 50 competitions every month, with jobs, internships, and scholarships focused in different fields and industries. Simply searching for what you’re interested in will show competitions tailored to your skills and interests. Participate in any competition you think your skills are applicable to and you’ll hear back from each hosting organization in a few short weeks. While Sqore offers competitions all year round, companies and organizations themselves have their own timeline for offering internships and scholarships, so make sure to check in from time to time. The internships you land through Sqore are just as exciting as the competitions you participate in. Take Elianne Mureddu for example - she participated in Schibsted’s Management Trainee Recruitment Competition and won the opportunity to be a part of their two-year rotational program. The opportunity is there, but it’s up to you to make it yours. Here are a few highlights we think that you should take a look at: See The World with Oriflame For a chance to win Oriflame products and visit the Oriflame office. Win Free Online GRE Prep From Economist GRE Tutor For 3 months of Premium Online GRE Prep Design for Space College For 1:1 mentoring opportunity with AutoDesk, USD $1,000 and more!We hope you have the skills to kill it in these competitions! Stack up your resume and gain the experience you need for that dream job you’ve always wanted.

Here’s much to do with hate but more with love Essays

Here’s much to do with hate but more with love Essays Here’s much to do with hate but more with love Paper Here’s much to do with hate but more with love Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet A play based on two star crossed lovers based in Verona, Italy show their love and hate to each other, and is filled with tragedies. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in the 16th century, when family honor was very important. Girls got married at a very young age, when fathers had a duty to find an ideal suitor for their beloved daughters. This between love and hate is also a major theme of the play. The question is Does Love over power hate, or does hate over power love, or both? Well as you read on it tells you how strong love and hate is in the play. Veronas streets are full of violence, fighting and hate. In fact, the fighting between the Montagues and the Capulets got so bad that the prince was forced to tell them If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. These contrasts with the scenes of love when Romeo and Juliet are together, such as after Capulets party when they talk. This helps to tell us how strong the love between the couple is. The two feuding families, Montague’s who the family of Romeo and Capulet’s who the family of Juliet, both show a lot of hate, even the servants fought them; if the servant would fight for their master then the two families really must have some historic hate between the families, but this shows the servants are very loyal to the family and are part of them, so this is showing love. The fight of Mercutio and Tybalt was an act of hate between the two societies. â€Å"From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, where civil blood makes civil hands unclean† These two lines are about the feud between the families, which has been going for many years. In that scene Romeo had to show his hate by killing Tybalt. Tybalt and Romeo come from two separate families who don’t like each other but yet the first words Romeo said to Tybalt were â€Å"Tybalt, the reason that I have to love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although he has always hated Tybalt he treats him as though he is family, because he is Juliet’s cousin, so this is showing that Romeo loves anyone that is connected to Juliet, even if it means loving someone he hates. Romeo just got married and now kills his wifes cousin this was an act of real hate. But on the other hand this shows love, because the reason he killed Tybalt was that Tybalt killed his good friend Mercutuio, so Romeo killed Tybalt for the love he had for Mercutuio. After that what did Juliet think about Romeo, the murderer of her cousin, she did not really care about it, but what she only cared about is if Romeo is going to get killed for the murder? Love over powered the hate this time. Shakespeare has constructed this hate between Romeo and Juliet which are between two families. Love is represented by the relationship between Romeo and Juliet and the hate is represented by feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. Both Love and Hate are extremely powerful in the play. Love is strong between Romeo and Juliet but hatred is still between them as they are from two different families. â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate’ this is what Juliet said after she found out that Romeo was a Montague, this is showing that person she’s meant to hate is the person she’s in love with. Her enemy is not Romeo himself, but his name is if he leaves his name then he will no longer be her enemy. By the ending of the opening scene, the audience is introduced to Romeo, who almost represents the theme of love in the play. At this moment, Romeo is too busy obsessed over his love for Rosaline to notice the fight and says, â€Å"Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will. † But this was unrequited love. Romeo falls in and out of love very quickly, he was love sick for Rosaline at the beginning of the play but as soon as he saw Juliet he fell in love with her. â€Å"Here’s much to do with hate, but more with love. † â€Å"Why the, o brawling hate, O any thing of nothing love, o loving first create! † These lines almost sum up the play as Romeo is talking about his love that can at the same time make him happy and sad. It is both love and hate; he is connecting his feelings to the bits and pieces of the fight he can see in front of him. From this, he concludes that although their fight was partly because of the hate between the two families, it is more about the love inside each family that caused them to fight against each other. Meanwhile Lady Capulet has come to talk to Juliet with the nurse in the room, about marriage. The love between Juliet and her mother is more formal than the love between Juliet and the nurse. Juliet finds it much easier to talk to the nurse and is closer to her because she has been grown up with the nurse looking after her, they are like best friends, she is also asking for advice from the nurse. This is showing there isn’t much love between Juliet and her mother than there is with the nurse which is strong love. The character of the nurse in the play shows that the nurse is more of a mother to Juliet whereas Lady Capulet is hardly seen with Juliet in the play. However, a few days before Juliet has to marry Paris, the Nurse almost changes her role and is no longer there to support Juliet with her relationship with Romeo, but agrees with Capulet that she should marry Paris. Juliet is outraged and asks the nurse to leave. The fact that Juliet has gone from looking up to the nurse to never trusting her. In one scene it shows the nature of love and hate in the same way that Romeo felt he was in love with Rosaline, until he met Juliet. The one person Juliet felt she could always rely on is no longer there to help her and she is devastated. In Act three, scene five, Capulet tells Juliet that she is to marry Paris in a few days, however, Juliet refuses to marry him, mainly because she is already married to Romeo. After a long and angry speech, Capulet says: Thursday is near, lay hand on heart, advice. And you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend; And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, For by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Capulet is threatening and advising Juliet as he is saying that if she marries Paris then everything will turn out well and he will still acknowledge her as his daughter. However, if she does not, then he will throw her out in the streets and he will not care what happens to her for she will no longer be thought of as his daughter. He says this partly out of love as he thinks it will make Juliet happy, but his words are harsh and painful for Juliet to hear from her father. He is angry that Juliet is disobeying him and does not know how to handle it as he is surprised. Therefore, I think this scene is about both love and hate. Romeo has a strong relationship with Friar Lawrence. He acts as a father throughout the play. Right from the beginning, this love is shown as he advises Romeo about his feelings for Juliet and tells him to â€Å"love moderately. † He is more like a father to Romeo. When Romeo kills Tybalt, he hides in Friar Laurence’s cell and the Friar tells him that he has been banished. Romeo becomes hysterical and thinks that banishment is worse than death. The Friar tries to talk some sense into Romeo but soon his sympathy turns to impatience and tells Romeo to spend the night with Juliet and leave in the morning. Also Friar is constantly taking care of not only Romeo’s problems, but Juliet’s as well, by giving her the sleeping potion. Although the Friar’s help turns out to cause more problems than solve them, his aim was good and he can be seen as a caring and loving character. This is showing strong love, because Romeo and Juliet see Friar Lawrence like a caring, loving father. Capulet and Montague make peace with each other after seeing that their children were so in love with each other that they sacrificed their lives for one another. The last line means that Romeo and Juliet’s deaths were because of the hate between the two families, but it is love that brings them together. Therefore, after analyzing the love and hate sides of Romeo and Juliet, I have come to the conclusion that it is more about love than hate. Apart from the family feud the rest of the hate is caused by Romeo and Juliet falling in love with each other, but this is fate. I think this because throughout the play, love overcomes hate except for a few scenes. Overall by the end of play, Romeo and Juliet are in love with each other so much that they kill themselves, and so the parents forget the hate that they have for each other. This is basically saying that love over powered the hate of two families.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Project Management - Essay Example Literature has suggested a number of benefits which can be achieved by outsourcing the payroll system. Majorly, it is considered to outsource in order to achieve the cost reduction benefits, where the exceptional contractor’s performance and its low-cost structure can reduce the cost directly, as well as it converted the fixed cost into the variable costs and also by lowering the in-house staff (Seth & Sethi, 2011). Other indirect benefits resulting in the cost reductions are increasing efficiency by more focus on main business operations, employee retention with specialized programs designed strategically by vendor, bettered the risk management, and also minimizing the firm’s politics (Turnbull, 2002; Rubery, Cooke, Marchington, & Earnshaw, 2003). The outsourcing Payroll system has some other benefits resulting in revenue enhancements. The direct revenue enhancement occurs through more cash generation and savings, which is achieved by transferring the assets needed to manage payroll towards the vendor, so it lowers the investment and make the resources available for further purposes (Seth & Sethi, 2011). While it also increases the revenues indirectly by improving customer services and satisfaction resulting in increased sales, gaining more contacts through vendor PR, speeding up, expansion, legal compliance and also by accessing the advanced technology through vendors’ specialized services (Adler, 2003). On the other hand, there is little evidence found in literature to realize these benefits. As (Dickmann & Tyson, 2005) has argued that there are more costs incurred while outsourcing the payroll system due to more transaction costs. Additionally, according to (Mellewigt, Madhok, & Weibel, 2007), there is an ethical is sue of payroll outsourcing, which is the critical employee’ information security breaches. Moreover, the lower control over HR functions,

Learning organisations Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Learning organisations - Literature review Example 1999, p.131). The ability of a learning organization to manage knowledge has two different dimensions: the internationalisation and the externalisation of knowledge (Salisbury 2008, p.56). Characteristics Learning is a key capability for a learning organization. Organizational learning is often differentiated from learning as an activity performed by an individual. Using the pragmatic approach for explain the organizational learning it could be noted that learning in the context of organization is ‘a continuous cycle of generating information, of integrating it in the organization, of interpreting it and on taking necessary action’ (Dixon 1994, in Easterby et al. 1999, p.149). In order for learning to be effective and proactive in the context of organization, it needs to be developed towards two different directions; employees should be able and willing to learn following the guidelines of the manager; the organization should be also capable of learning, having incorpora ted the necessary mechanisms that support the promotion of learning and innovation across the organization (Martin 2005, p.186). ... 2002, p.28) being differentiated from learning organization as an autonomous centre of organizational activities. Learning Capacity of organizations The ability of an organization to learn is affected by its structure and its resources; these elements are likely to influence the organization’s learning capacity, which has been defined as ‘its ability to learn individually and as a collective unit’ (Easterby et al. 1999, p.149). The level of organizations’ learning capacity sets the limits of their potential for growth through learning. Apart from the above criterion, the potentials of a learning organization are depended on the organizational culture; in fact, organizational culture and structure are two key prerequisites of organizational learning (Easterby et al. 1999, p.149). The learning capacity of learning organizations is high; in fact, these organizations are based on the promotion of learning in their internal and external environment; because of t heir high learning capacity, learning organizations are more able to establish a series of advanced technologies and schemes, as for example, ‘benchmarking, reward systems for their employees and outsourcing’ (Saxena et al. 2010, p.44). Internal and external mechanisms In accordance with the book The Fifth Discipline – where the concept of learning organization is extensively analyzed – there are five technologies that highly support learning within organizations: ‘systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, a shared vision and team learning’ (Koontz et al. 2006, p.277). These technologies are not necessarily present in all learning organizations; however, in case they are developed within a particular

Analyses Proposals The Coffeemate Brand Uk Marketing Essay

Analyses Proposals The Coffeemate Brand Uk Marketing Essay Firstly, this report will analyse the current position of the Coffee-Mate on the market place in the UK and secondly, will be given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-Mate brand in the UK. There should not be mass targeting in the cream powder market, however the segmentation of the market will help to identify potential buyers or buyers and will separate them into clusters within parallel buyers pattern. The important role plays the marketing mix such the right product, the right place, the right promotion at the right time. The Coffee-mate should preferably maintain and improve the market position, however it can be costly and not very often cost successful. The promotion which should be used for the Coffee-mate should be more determined on the product differentiation. It should show why the Coffee-Mate is different from the ordinary powder creamer and why the consumers should use the Coffee-Mate and nothing else. Also it should be considered a new distribution plan and the volume of products to offer. There should be a high concentration on the segments which are targeted and choice of the right product to this segment. The right marketing mix is a crucial for a suc cessful and profitable product. Contents Introduction In this report it will be firstly analysed the Coffee-Mate brand and current position on the market place in the UK based on the information from case of study the Coffee-Mate (Kotler at al, 2008). Secondly, it will be given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-mate brand in the UK. Firstly, there should be asked the key questions in strategic marketing management (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How might we get there? Which way is the best? How can we ensure arrival? The Nestle Coffee-Mate brand background The Coffee-mate was first introduced in 1961 as first non-diary powdered creamer in US by Nestle. In 1989 was introduced Nestle Coffee mate liquid, which was number one of non- dairy product on the market. Nestle Coffee-Mate developed a different flavours of powdered cream to keep their customer interesting in and buying their products. Nestle changed the view of kitchen coffee to cafe coffee made in the kitchen (http://www.coffee-mate.com/Faq.aspx). Customers of Coffee-mate can enjoy the different flavours also seasonal flavours (Gingerbread and Eggnog) and special edition, furthermore Coffee-mate can be found in fat free, reduced fat and sugar free in powdered and liquid products. The brand is playing important role for the Coffee-Mate. The Coffee-Mate is part of the Nestle, well known brand which will add value to the product and will differentiate Coffee-Mate from its competitors. The Nestle is using corporate umbrella branding where the companys name is attached to the entire p roduct portfolio (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). For Heinz the umbrella is covering a wide range of products drinks (NESCAFÉ Gold Blend), breakfast cereals, and chocolate full Nestle portfolio (Appendix 1). There are advantages of corporate umbrella branding. Firstly, in Nestle case it can be reduced cost for a new campaign (promoting only the new product not the brand) and the brand name of Nestle is already well-known and established. McDonald at al (2008) believed that using corporate umbrella branding can be a disadvantage the brand name to not be as strongly identified with any one product also it can be argued that Nestle will lose the name as a coffee and chocolate brand. McDonald at al (2008) agreed that the brand dilution occurs when consumers no longer associate a brand with a specific product or highly similar products and start thinking less of the brand. Market and environmental analysis Where are we now? Wilson and Gilligan (2005) believed that the importance of organizations performance in the market place is influenced by three key factors: The organizations current market position The nature of environmental opportunities and threats The organizations ability to cope with environmental demands. The Nestle Coffee-Mate current position on the market is seen by managers of Nestle as less growth potential than for example Nestle food products. In the result, the budget for marketing campaigns was minimized, however the budget for ground coffee increased  £43 million campaign aimed at reminding people that instant coffee is 100% real coffee made from pure and natural coffee beans and nothing else (Nestle press releases,2009). The coffee creamer market has advantages and disadvantages. Coffee creamer products have a better whitener use than dried or powdered milk, however consumers sees coffee creamer as something for special occasions but not for their daily coffee. The market for coffee creamer is complicated with different types of consumers behaviour. Firstly, there are consumers who will not use powdered milk or cream at all. Secondly, there are users who will use powdered milk into their coffee but will not use cream (the taste is changed). Thirdly, users will use Coffee-Mate only in case of emergency (run out of milk or cream). Fourthly, there are users who are using coffee cream daily however consider creamer as a treat. The use of Coffee-Mate correlates with consumption of coffee in UK. The average consumption of coffee is about 3kg per head in the UK, which is about 1.5 cups per day which is low compare to Italy, France or Germany (5kg) and in the Scandinavian or Benelux region (11-13kg)(Kotler a t al, 2008). The national Food Survey suggests that there is correlation between weekly income and consumption of coffee (the higher income the higher consumption of coffee). The UK coffee market is up 19% from 2002 ( £720 million in 2007). Instant coffee contributes 81% of market share however it can be seen shift from instant coffee into premium non-instant coffee (Mintel, 2008). On the other hand, Mintel researchers found that one in five consumers agree that it is too much effort to make ground coffee at home (Mintel, 2008). The strengths and weaknesses (strategic and marketing analysis) The main strengths of the Coffee-mate are its capability to replace the real cream or milk and the length of the life time storage, however legally it cannot be defined as non-diary because it contains ingredients such vegetable fat and dried glucose which contains a real milk derivates. The weaknesses of the Coffee-mate are firstly its limitation in sales. Secondly, the Coffee-mate it is not weekly shopping item and preferably consumers are buying fresh cream or milk instead of the powdered. Consumers see using powdered cream or milk just in emergency situation and furthermore not all the coffees are made with milk or cream. Thirdly, the Coffee-mate is not independent product and can be consumed only with coffee. Customer analysis The customers of the Coffee-mate are consumers who are buying instant or ground coffee and using powdered milk or coffee creamer. The survey was done by TGI and divided consumers into five potential groups for Coffee-Mate. The key variables used by TGI to segment the market are: income, age, social grade, concerning about health and environment, shopping activity and budgeting, social places (pubs, restaurants), brand versus own label, travelling, media (TV, radio, newspapers)  , number of children at home, area where they live, level of consumption of Coffee-Mate and creamers and occupation. TGI user survey divided consumers into five clusters Appendix 2. Cluster 1: Sharon and Tracy Experimentalists (Sample proportion: 15.4 %) Cluster 2: Eileen and Mary Cost constrained, older, and conservative (Sample proportion: 23.6 %) Cluster 3: Sarah and Anna Affluent, Young foodies (Sample proportion: 24.4 %) Cluster 4: Dawn and Lisa Cost constrained, Young families (Sample proportion: 13.9 %) Cluster 5: Dorothy and Amy Affluent (Sample proportion: 22.7 %) Market share Cluster 1 Sharon and Tracy 15, 4 % Cluster 2 Eileen and Anna 23, 6% Cluster 3 Sarah and Lisa 24, 4% Cluster 4 Dawn 13, 9% Cluster 5 Dorothy and Amy 22, 7% Source: TGIs user survey Competitor analysis The main competitors of the Coffee-Mate on the market place are fresh milk and cream (Appendix 3). For the coffee creamer market the main competitors are Compliment, Kenco, Compleat, own label and others (Appendix). Coffee-Mate has about 55% market share on the coffee creamer market. To be successful and better than competitors Coffee-mate has to concentrate on advantage for example a capacity to replace the milk which the Coffee-Mate has. To be better than competition it has to be known how the competition markets their products. The four main questions have to be asked: What is each competitors current strategy? How are competitors performing? What are their strengths and weaknesses? What can we expect from each competitor in the future? (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Strategic direction and strategic formulation Where do we want to be? Market segmentation, targeting and positioning It can be argued that the market for cream powder is segmented, however not mass targeted. The segmentation of market helps to identify group of buyers or potential buyers and divide them into groups within similar buyers pattern (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). It is advantage for marketer to segment the market because the marketer then decides which segments present the greatest opportunity which are its target markets (McDonald at al, 2008). Not everyone likes the milk or cream into their coffee. Therefore, the marketers will divide up the market into the segments by exploring behavioural, demographic and psychographic differences within buyers (McDonald at a, 2008). The Coffee-Mate developed strategic marketing to target the market segment. The particular segment cannot be contented with only one product. If the Coffee-Mate was targeting only one segment 41% of the 55% (McDonald at al, 2008) the current market share however it will lose 14.5% which is owned by Coffee-Mate Lite. The Coffee-Mate has to use multiple segments and obtain a greater market share of coffee cream market. How might we get there Strategic choice which way is the best? The American Marketing Association (AMA) in 1985 said Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. To achieve the needs of the target segments the right marketing mix must be developed. The product (Coffee-Mate) has to be accessible in the right place (distribution), at the right price and in the right time (McCarthy, 1960). Thomas (1987) also believed that the product or services offering of a company or organization ultimately determines the nature of the business and the marketplace perception of the business. In this sense it is the core of the marketing management function. The product Coffee-Mate will have to satisfy the target segment. In this case, it will be difficult to satisfy many segments for this reason the preference segments will be identified clustered preferences (natural market segments). TGI user Surveys identified five potential consumers for Coffee-Mate. Based on the Appendix 3 it can be seen and argued who are potentially the most profitable group and which should be targeted. It can be said that Dawn and Lisa (young families, 13.9% sample proportion) and Sharon and Tracy (experimentalist, 15.4% sample proportion) will become Eileen and Mary (older and conservative, 23.6% sample proportion) and Sarah and Hannah will lose attractiveness for this segment (Kotler, 2008). The Coffee-Mate marketing MIX Product Abbot (1995) highlighted about product What people really desire are not the products but satisfying experience, however Levitt (1976) argued that the products have to be seen as the benefits not the functions. The Coffee-Mate is the product with a strong position (55% market share) on the market place, however it can be argued that one of the important aspects is brand name. Nestle is a strong, well -known brand and instead of creating, developing and maintaining a new one the Coffee-Mate become part of it. Wilson and Gilligan (2005) also agree that it is only in this way that the organization is able to promise and continue to deliver to the consumer a superior value than that offered by competitors. The importance of the coffee-mate product is in which phase of the product cycle is. The Coffee-mate cream powder is probably in the mature stadium. There is not a rapid growth on the UK market also there is not a sign of the new entries on the market or decline in demand for the Coffe e-Mate. Price The price is one of the important factors of the marketing mix. If there is wrong pricing decision the competitors will win and Nestle will lose their customers. Managers have to know the pricing strategies of their competitors and how big are their financial resources to cope with their competition. The Coffee-Mate should concentrate on the maintenance and improvement of market position (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Advantage of this objective is the improvements of the market share however it can be very costly and not often cost effective. Coffee-mate is already in leading position (55% market share) but there is danger that they will lose it. One the factors can be the lack of finance for campaign and promotion. Promotion Promotion is also important aspect of the marketing mix. It can be said that promotion is the visible face (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005) which symbolize the product and communicate with customers. In 2002 Nestle spent  £1m on the Coffee-Mate campaign to change customers opinion on the coffee whitener from coffee whitener to coffee enhancers with main slogan Coffee-mate does it for coffee so deliciously creamy tasting its almost improper (http://www.campaignlive.co.uk, 2002). In 2007 there was marketing campaign which promoted the Coffee-Mate Even when there is milk around (Appendix 5). It was previously discussed that young families, experimentalist, older and conservatives are the market which should be targeted. The tools which can be used to target the market can be: the TV, newspaper and a new medium Facebook and Twiter (Appendix 6). The new campaign should be more concentrated on the product differentiation. There are not other competitors who are producing powder cream or liqu id with different taste (Appendix 7) and sticks pad which can be used on the go. The Coffee-Mate should have distanced more from other in the market and create a major competitive advantage. To create competitive advantage there have to be understanding of particular segment, however the disadvantage of product differentiation can be limited opportunities for the sector growth and creating differences that customers do not value (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Furthermore, they have to convince the customer that the Coffee-mate is better than competitors products. Place The distribution plan is final and also important part of marketing mix. The right choice of distributors and volume distributed can make huge impact on the volume of products sold. To achieve the competitive advantage the right distribution channel has to be recognized. The Coffee-mate is sold by retailers (Morrison, Tesco, Sainsbury,), Internet and through other channels however there should be considered other options workplace, universities and hospitals. There is a huge opportunity to be a successful. Full-time working women agreed first thing in the morning I tend to have coffee with semi-skimmed milk, but towards 11 oclock I want something which is more relaxing, more substantial, so I have coffee with Coffee-Mate. It seems to be comforting. (Kotler at al, 2008). The distribution of the Coffee-Mate into the coffee machine which are in the workplace, universities or hospital will bring benefits, improve a market share and bring a new customers. To select a right channel of dis tribution the plan has to be considered (Wilson, 1983). Marketing MIX in use The different option (Coffee- Mate Lite, Gingerbread, Pumpkin) will influence the marketing mix of the Coffee-Mate. There have to be concentration on the segment which is targeted and the product which is offering to this segment. The product has to convince the segment market which is for example colour of packaging, the size and quality. It will be impossible to convince a lot of segment markets with only one product like the Coffee-Mate. The price will be influenced by the cost production, consumer demand and advertisement cost. The launch of the new favour such Lite, Mocha or Latte there have to be research that there will be high consumers demand for this products. Conclusion In this report the current marketing positions of the Coffee-Mate brand was analyzed and after were given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-mate brand in the UK. The Coffee-Mate is currently in the leading position, however the managers do not see the potential growth in the future. Despite this believe, the Coffee-Mate has a benefit of the length storage compare to fresh milk or cream, however powder cream is still seen as the treat by users and as the emergency by non-users. The market was divided by TGI into five clusters and the most profitable group was chosen and will be targeted. The best way how to achieve the success such as market growth and profitability can be done by better segmentation of the market and better clustered preferences. The Coffee-Mate is not just cream powder and the campaign has to say it to the potential costumers. The Coffee-Mate should create the competitive advantage from the differentiation. The Coffee-Mate has to persuade the consumers that they are better than their competitors. The crucial is the concentration on the segments which are targeted and chose the right product for this segment.

Summit Series

The 1972 Summit Series is a hockey series between Canada and the Soviet Union. It took place during the time of the Cold War when the East and West were fighting to prove who was better. The 1972 Summit Series proved that we are the greatest hockey nation creating great nationalism in Canada despite that it was part of the cold war. It showed that Canada is the greatest hockey nation, the Summit Series brought all the people of Canada together and it took place at a time during the Cold War. These points will be further explained in the following paragraphs.Firstly, the 1972 Summit Series proved that Canada is the greatest hockey nation ever. â€Å"The NHL long regarded itself as the world's elite, but the overwhelming superiority of the Soviet Union in international amateur play in the 1960s led to a dramatic 1972 summit series between Team Canada (Canadian NHL players) and the Soviet national team,† (Columbia encyclopaedia, sixth edition). This tells us how before the series the Soviet Union was known as the best international team ever. This series came into play to show who was truly better. Canada ended up winning so it turns out that we are a better hockey nation. Here’s a shot. Henderson makes a wild stab for it and falls,† Foster Hewitt breathlessly described. â€Å"Here’s another shot. Right in front. They score!! Henderson has scored for Canada! † (1972summitseries. com). This quote is when Henderson scored the goal that would put them ahead in the final game of the serious and the goal that would make them win the series! This proves that Canada is the greatest hockey nation because they won the series with this goal. â€Å"What that team did, I don’t think there has been a greater feat in sports. It was an unbelievable comeback against a great Russian team.I’ve never seen anything like it,† said Bobby Orr (1972 Summit Series Quotes). This quote came from one of the greatest hockey players of all time, so that makes it very special. Bobby Orr is explaining how the Russians were a very strong team but we took them down in an amazing series. So it tells us that Canada is better because we beat the amazing Soviet Union team. In conclusion, Canada has earned the title of the greatest hockey nation ever. Secondly, this great series created great nationalism between all Canadians in this beautiful country. â€Å"There was no such thing as francophone or aWesterner, or anything else. We were all Canadians. The series brought us all together. It brought an entire country together. It was Canada playing, not team Canada. It was us against them and every Canadian somehow seemed to have a sense of ownership of that team. I guess war is the only thing that could bring a country together like that series did,† said Paul Henderson (1972 Summit Series Quotes). This quote shows us that this series brought every Canadian together. No matter the race or nationality of the person, they all gathered together to support out country in the 1972 Summit Series.Erik Floren says â€Å"During the series, kids and adults skipped school studies and workplace to amass around radios or TVs. Far from a friendly exhibition- the games exploded into war on ice. The sheer intensity galvanized Canadians of all creeds, colour, and both official languages. † (www. 1972summitseries. com) The Summit Series must have been really important to all Canadians because this quote tells us how every Canadian, even if they don like hockey, skipped out on there duties to watch this exciting seven game series. In Canada today, the Summit Series remains a source of much national pride, and is seen by many as a landmark event in Canadian cultural history† (Global Oneness Encyclopaedia II). The 1972 Summit Series meant a lot to all Canadians, and still does. It is still an important part of our past and always will be. For those who were alive at the time when this occurred, they will definitely never forget this amazing series. This series brought Canadians together like no other event could. Everybody took pride and honour from this victory whether they were hockey fans or not.Lastly, the Summit Series was a part of the Cold War. The Cold War is when the West and East of the world were fighting to prove who was better. A member of the team Canada, Phil Esposito says, â€Å"It was a war, our society vs. theirs† (1972 Summit Series Quotes). He means that it was a war between communism and democracy. Our society is a democratic society, and people over here think that it is better then communism. The Soviet Union is a communist country and they were fighting to show that they were better. â€Å"By the early 1970’s, the Soviet Union was at the peak of its power.The Communist Party remained the sole political force in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union attempted to assert itself as the world’s dominant superpower† (Cold War (1972-1989): t he Collapse of the Soviet Union). The East was starting to become even more powerful and the West didn’t know what to do to stop them. For every time that Russia had a great accomplishment, the U. S or the West would take a step back instead of forward. The Summit Series helped slow down the East on their rise to the top and gave the West a big step on becoming better. It was war and yes, hell for us whether we wanted it or not† (1972 Summit Series Quotes) said Phil Esposito. This means that team Canada could not back out of this series even if they wanted to. It was a big part of the Cold War and meant so much to all the people in the West. So the players basically didn’t have a choice, they had to play and win or else people would have been angry and it would not have turned out well. This series came alive at a time during the Cold War and helped the West to become the better side of the world.This great hockey serious which took place in 1972, showed the enti re world that Canada is the best hockey nation in the world and that no other country can even compare. The 1972 Summit Series also brought every Canadian together, no matter what race, religion, or gender together like no other event or thing could. Lastly, this epic battle took place at the time of the Cold War, when there was a feud between communism and democracy. They were fighting to prove who was better, the East or West. The 1972 Summit Series could possibly be the most defining point in Canadian history and it will never be forgotten.

Bay of Pigs

The interest of the United States in Cuba goes as far back as the pre-Civil War era when it wanted to annex Cuba as a slave state for its cotton. However, it was only in 1898 that Cuba was won from Spain following the Spanish-American war. While this lasted only until 1902, the U. S. was able to negotiate a long-term lease on the island at the Guantanamo Bay and turned it into a naval base. From that time until Castro took the helm, the second most powerful official in Cuba after the President was the U. S. Ambassador (Lafeber, 19 April 1986, p. 537).In 1947, open hostilities with communism have begun. President Truman recommended to the U. S. Congress to stop the Russian aggression in Europe. This was contained in the Truman Doctrine (Ismael, 1965, P. 3212). This was followed by a U. S. -led food airlift to the western sector which the Russians were starving out with its Berlin blockade. Then, there was the assistance provided to the communists, by the way, eventually won and the ac tive participation in the Korean War of 1950. While such actions were unpopular,, there was an apparent consensus that the U.S. should indeed show that it is not beyond having to use force to stop the expansionist plans of the communists. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President. The anti-communist sentiment was particularly rife at that time with Senator McCarthy charging practically everyone of being a communist, and succeeded in spreading fear and conflict throughout the country. In Asia, China was showing signs of aggression against Taiwan which then led to the US pledge of aid to any Southeast Asian Treaty Organization member who has to fight off communist advances.In Latin America, communist influence was equally spreading. In 1959, on January 1st, Fidel Castro and his guerillas managed to overthrow Fulgencio Batista and the former Prime Minister and newly-elected President Dr. Andres Rivero Aguero (Telzrow, 2006). The United States was one of the first countries to acknowledge Castro’s ascendancy through an official note declaring â€Å"the sincere goodwill of the government of the United States towards the new government† (Welch, 1982, p. 29). Shortly thereafter, Philip Bonsal was appointed as the new US Ambassador to Havana.Bonsal was the former ambassador to Bolivia where the Spanish-speaking career diplomat was able to establish a good relationship with the leftist administration. Four months later, in April 1959, Fidel Castro visited the United States where then Vice President Richard Nixon got to meet him. Nixon unilaterally proclaimed him to be a communist. Castro’s subsequent reforms were radical enough to align Cuba with communist party and collide with the Eisenhower Administration. There was the suspension of free elections, socialization of private business and the confiscation of U. S. property.This was followed by the nationalization of businesses which produced staple products such as milk and milk and by-p roducts, sugar, beer, toiletries, textiles and even banks (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 161). Given these internal developments in Cuba, the U. S. Department of State had started to draw up an agreement with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that would effect the downfall of Castro by using the Cuban faction opposed to him to make it look like an internal act. The situation was more alarming and an insult inasmuch as communism was practically taking root next door.In December 1959, an outline of operations both in covert and propaganda form for the overthrow of Castro was drawn up by the CIA head of Western Hemisphere, J. C. King. A more comprehensive plan was drawn up by Jacob Esterline, former chief of the Guatemala station. On March 17, President Eisenhower approved a paper penned by the CIA entitled â€Å"A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime† and the plan to bring down Castro was underway. People were put in place. David Atlee Phillips was made propagan da chief.He was to run Radio Swan, the station that would be broadcasting propaganda against the Castro government. E. Howard Hunt was made chief of political action with the main task of organizing and preparing the members of the government that will replace Castro’s once it is overthrown. (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 159). By July 1960, Russia and the U. S. were exchanging barbs. The Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khruschev had declared its support for Castro to which Eisenhower adamantly replied that communism will not be allowed by the U. S.to grow in the Western Hemisphere (Sierra, 2007, par. 7). On October 28, the United States recalled Ambassador Bonsal permanently back to Washington and followed later by officially breaking off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Cuba soon began to receive arms from the Soviet Union (Telzrow, 21 August 2006, 37+). The incumbent administration’s interest was not only directed on Cuba in 1960. Internally, there was a more immediat e concern on hand. It was campaign period for the Presidential elections. Vice President Richard Nixon was running against the popular Senator John F.Kennedy. He realized the sensitivity of the issue about Castro and communist Cuba and rode to the hilt the American voters’ anti-Castro sentiment and their restlessness towards its resolution. Earlier in the campaign, he was already briefed by CIA Director Allan Dulles on intelligence matters as required by law and this briefing included the confidential information about the training of exiles from Cuba who will be mobilized for an assault on the island. Then, on the eve of a candidate's debate, Kennedy attacked Eisenhower's Cuba policy. He openly called for U. S.support for the exiled anti-Castro forces and further exclaimed that thus far, these exiles had not received any support from the government. Kennedy knew that Nixon will not be able to counter this attack without compromising the secrecy of the plan. Nixon could only criticize Kennedy for the irresponsibility of his statements (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, pp. 160-162). Meanwhile, the plan was steadily materializing. In May 1960, Radio Swan went on the air. Using a powerful transmitter, it broadcasted programs that were actually taped in Miami. The Cuban exiled forces were placed in Guatemala.The incumbent President and dictator of Guatemala, Gen. Miguel Ydigoras owed his position to the CIA for enforcing a covert operation in 1954 against then Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. He thus allowed an airport to be built in his country. Nicaragua’s Anastacio Somoza also provided a training base in his country (LaFeber, 16 April 1966, 537+). The Cuban exiled forces were collectively called Brigade 2506. They were originally being trained off the coast of Florida. Eventually, the size of the brigade grew to about 1,500 soldiers. The Castro government was not turning a blind eye against all these things that were going on.Eventually, Castro had his chance and on September 26, 1960, he addressed the UN General Assembly where he charged the U. S. for setting up a broadcasting station in Swan Island which the U. S. lamely refuted by stating that it was a privately-owned station by a commercial broadcasting company. A month later, Cuba again went on the offensive again in the UN General Assembly this time with the Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa providing well-informed details on how the recruitment and training of these exiled forces were allegedly being conducted.In his address, however, he did not call them exiles but as mercenaries and counter-revolutionaries. He stated that they were recruited, paid and sustained by the CIA by providing for them and their families (Sierra, 2007, par. 19). Later, in 2000, during a historic meeting of the personalities involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion, these exiles were once again referred to as mercenaries at which point Fidel Castro corrected him, â€Å"They’re brigadistas† (Dinges, 23 April 2001, 6). It was Castro’s strategy to turn the tide of foreign opinion against the Americans and later we will see how this tactic by Castro proved to be effective.At the interim, a budget of USD13 million was approved by President Eisenhower. He also authorized the use of the Defense Department’s personnel and equipment but pointedly instructed that no American citizen must be used in combat. However, the CIA’s initial attempt at dropping weapons and supplies in Cuba failed miserably. The drop zone was missed and the ground agent was caught and shot (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, 161). On January 1961, President John F. Kennedy took office. After campaigning heavily against lack of action on Cuba, he essentially trapped himself. In LaFeber’s (1986), Kennedyâ€Å"despised Castro and saw himself going head-to-head with Nikita Kruschev over which superpower would control the Third World. He was also passionately committed to a romantic view o f counter-revolutionary operations and feared being labeled as less of an anti-Communist than Eisenhower, whose policies he had blasted only months earlier. So the attack went ahead on the night of April 17† (537+). Before the actual invasion happened, the plan changed several times due to several factors. Kennedy’s Department of State was afraid of the consequential impact on the US relations with Latin America (Lafeber, 1986, 537+).White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. remarked that while Kennedy was adamant about not using US soldiers directly, but the CIA acted on the conviction that he will change his mind (Dinges, 2001, 6). Everyone was of the assumption that the Cuban people would all rise spontaneously to get rid of Castro (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). Meanwhile, despite all the efforts to avoid having the US stamp on the exiled forces by having the training camps and airfield in Nicaragua and Guatemala, it was soon evident that the operation did not remain a sec ret for very long.It was even already being discussed within cliques in the UN. On Jan. 11th 1961, the Joint Chief of Staff were consulted for the first time on. From the combined minds of the Department of Defense, the CIA and the JCS, Operation Bumpy Road was born. On Jan. 28th, newly-elected President John F. Kennedy was briefed. The concept of the plan as outlined in the memorandum prepared by two senior CIA officials in charge of the brigade, Jacob Esterline and Jack Hawkins. A small area was to be seized and defended at the initial stage.There will be no more offensive tactics to be done until the expected uprising of the majority of the Cuban people begins or an overt operation by the US forces is (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). The landing was already plotted to be in Trinidad, which was in the southern coast of Cuba. This is located near Escambray Mountains. His would be an ideal site for Operation Bumpy Road because of the alternatives that it can offer. The expeditiona ry forces already have the goodwill of the population of Trinidad as the majority is anti-Castro.In case the defense of the landing is compromised, they could turn to Plan B and flee into the mountains. There, a guerilla warfare can be fought. Thus, with this plan in mind, Brigade 2506 trained throughout 1960 under this plan. Richard Bissell, CIA Director of Plans, assessed the plans. He believed that there is a possibility of success such that they might survive and gain support for as long as they hold their ground. If the support from the Cuban people comes, then the US can make overt action plans on the pretense of backing the revolutionaries (Bight & Kornbluh, 1999, p.164). Originally scheduled for Mach 5, 1961, the operation was put on hold until April after examination of all possible alternatives. This was due to the intervention of the State Department for diplomatic and political reasons. The U. S. still believes that it can get away with â€Å"plausible deniability† and Operation Bumpy Road can no way disguise U. S. complicity. Hence, despite argument from Bissel that postponement and possible plan revision will create undue tension and resentment among the brigade members, the March date did not materialize.In fact a revolt by the exiles who were training in Guatemala did occur in late January 1961 with 500 resigning (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Bissell concluded that this plan may be the only one where a covert operation is still possible in bringing down Fidel Castro. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was not in accord and instead recommended a trade embargo instead and allow internal rif to reach a boling point before launching the brigade. So, it was a Bumpy Road indeed as the rinidad Plan was rejected.President Kennedy set down his conditions in preparing a new plan. First, it must be a silent landing and it is to be done at night. The CIA then presented three alternatives. There was a revision of the Trinidad Plan, there w as to be a new target for landing which would be the northeast coast and the third alternative would be at the Bay of Pigs codenamed â€Å"Operation Zapata†. The President chose the Zapata Plan liked but with certain changes particularly that it must have the appearance of being more of a guerilla-type of operation.Thus, it was modified to a night landing (instead of a dawn landing) with air drops at first light. Kennedy questions the necessity of the air strikes. A compromise was agreed to limit the air strikes to two days before d-day simultaneous with a diversionary landing of 160 men in Eastern Cuba. These strikes will give the impression that the air strikes are those by Cuban pilots defecting from the Cuban air force and thus further giving lie that its an internal uprising. Bissell also reassures Kennedy that the Cubans on the island will join in an uprising.The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations, Senator William Fullbright did not believe that such tactics will fool anyone. However, a vote from the advisers favored moving ahead (Blight & Kornbluh 1999, 165). Seven days before d-day, Esterline and Hawkins sent notice that they want to quit, that â€Å"the project was out of control† but Bissell prevailed upon them to stay. Three days before the invasion, Kennedy made a statement in a press conference that the US Armed Forces One day before the invasion, the number of plane were reduced from 16 to six planes as ordered by Kennedy to keep it minimal.On April 16, the landing plan was approved by Kennedy. However, fearing international condemnation, Kennedy cancels the dawn air strikes until the beachhead airfield is in the hands of the landing force and completely operational and capable of supporting the raids. Bissell argued unsuccessfully that the landings will be seriously endangered without it. The air strikes were cancelled. Aboard the Blagar, CIA agent Grayston Lynch receives intelligence report that the Cuba air force will strik e, it moves close to shore and delivers gunfire support to the landing troops.The Brigade troops landed at 1’o clock in the morning. Later that morning, the Houston comes under air attack and is hit. Blight and Kornbluh (1999) gives a detailed account: â€Å"It goes aground with about 180 men on the west side of the Bay of Pigs – about five miles from the landing beach. At 9:30 AM, the freighter Rio Escondido is sunk by a direct rocket hit from a Sea Furya â€Å"with ten day's reserves of ammunition on board, as well as food, hospital equipment, and gasoline.All crew members are rescued and transferred to the Blagar. Fighting rages throughout the day, with the brigade freighters withdrawing 50 miles out to sea. That evening, President Kennedy discusses the deteriorating situation with his advisers† (p. 168). On April 18, the Brigade Commander refused a call for evacuation. While at the UN on the same day, Ambassador Adlai Stevenson continued to deny that the Un ited States had intervened militarily in Cuba.Bissell, in direct violation of Kennedy's instructions, authorized American pilots to fly combat missions when a number of the Cuban pilots at Pueto Cabezos refused to fly. On April 19, two planes flown by U. S. pilots were shot down and the pilots killed. The invasion force were captured. About 130 were killed and 1,189 were taken prisoners. Cuba's casualties were about 157. Mass trials were held and the prisoners were each given a sentence of 30 years. Negotiations got underway and after 20 months, most were released in exchange for money, food and medical supplies (Sierra, 2007).In the aftermath, Lymann Kirkpatrick, the CIA Inspector General, issued a report that pointed to Bissell and his aide Tracy Barnes as not having firm plans for the invasion and failed to advise Kennedy that a covert action is not at all possible. Bissell rebutted by issuing a memorandum of his own and putting the blame on Kennedy's withdrawal of the air strike s. On June 13, 1961, General Taylor, head of the Taylor Committee composed on Gen. Maxwell taylor, Atty. General Robert Kennedy, Adm. Arleigh Burke and Dir. Gen.Of CIA Allen Dulles to investigate why the operation failed submits their report to President Kennedy that the operation was ill-considered and it was never ever possible that Zapatacan be run as a covert operation. If a reorientation of the operation had not been possible, the project should have been abandoned. (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 169). Apart from the reports of Kirkpatrick of the CIA and the Taylor Committee, and after more documents relating to the Bay of Pigs invasion surfaced and were declassified, the following can be concluded:– the CIA made decisions on mere assumptions that the people would spontaneously assist in overthrowing Castro (Lafeber, 1986). – they failed to see that the exiles and the supporters were the loud minority while the majority were straddling the fence in a wait-and-see at titude inasmuch as Castro's government was still at its inception and already seemed to have been serious about its reforms in distributing the wealth concentrated on the few during the previous regime which was openly supported by the U.S. – the United States could have lost sympathy from the locals since from 1898, they have exerted great influence over Cuba's internal affairs seemingly to the point of meddling in order to favor American businesses and the invasion was undeniably a US-backed operation the US did not trust its own invading force, not even telling the Cuban exiles the actual day of the invasion. One agent admitted that, â€Å"I don't trust any goddamn Cuban.† (Lafeber, 1986) – aside from being trapped by his own campaign statements, the ongoing cold war forced Kennedy to take immediate if indecisive action in battling Cuba's Castro and ultimately the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev for the Western hemisphere – there were tactical errors such as mistaking for seaweed the Bay of Pigs coral reef which caused the craft to run aground and made the easy marks. – the US underestimated the Castro's security and defenses.In a historic meeting in 2001 between the antagonists and the protagonists in the invasion which was held in Cuba, it was divulged that â€Å"a vast security network had been established and about 20,000 suspected dissidents were rounded up† which effectively squelched US expectations of a mass rebellion. Moreover, the Cuban air forces' better planes were camouflaged and the ones that were destroyed by the pre-d-day strike were decoys. (Dinges, 2001, p. 6).– the CIA strategy is rooted on another assumption that no president, Kennedy included despite his statements against overt operations, will allow the United States to â€Å"go down in ignominous defeat† and will send in the Marines (as related by White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. In Dinges, 2001). – there were no CIA broadcasts to announce the invasion (Telzrow, 2006). – from Jack Hawkins himself, Kennedy made the fatal error of placing â€Å"plausible deniability ahead of military viability (Hawkins 1996, p. 36+).It would seem highly improbable that the world's greatest superpower would be defeated by a revolutionary government barely over a year in power. However, that is exactly what Cuba did under Fidel Castro's leadership. On April 19, 1961 Cuba was able to repulse an invasion led by 1,400 commandos of Brigade 2506 who arrived at Playa Giron (Giron Beach) from Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). Brigade 2506 was US-backed all the way. The planning and training was done by the CIA. They were armed and supplied by the US.It was not a failure of the men of the invasion force who fought valiantly and refused to be evacuated. Given the circumstances surrounding the invasion, it was a â€Å"perfect failure† as it has now been dubbed for the spectacular defeat of the US. Overall, this is mainly due to the arrogance displayed by America and has now been immortalized in the Bay of Pigs. Bibliography Blight, J. G. & Kornbluh, P. (Eds. ) (1999). Politics of illusion: The Bay of Pigs invasion re-examined. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Dinges, J. (2001, April 23). Back to the Bay of Pigs. The Nation, 272, 6. Hawkins, J. (1996, December 31). The Bay of Pigs operation was doomed by presidential indecisiveness and lack of commitment. National Review, 48, 36+. Ismael, F. L. (1965). The United States as a world leader. The Book of Knowledge, vol. 9, pp. 3206-3224. New York: Grolier Incorporated. LaFeber, W. (1986, April 19). Lest we forget the Bay of Pigs; the unlearned lessons. The Nation, 242, 537-539. Sierra, J. A. (2007).History of Cuba. Retrieved August 15, 2007, from http://www. historyofcuba. com/cuba/htm. Telzrow, M. E. (2006, August 21). Bay of Pigs betrayal: The betrayal of the Cuba people by the CIA, State Department and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of the America's darkest foreign-policy moments. The New American, 22, 37-39. Welch. R. E. (1985). Response to revolution: The United States and the Cuban revolution, 1959-1961. Chappel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.